PROBLEMS FACING TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN EAST AFICA

Inadequate capital

Political instability

hostile climate

Mismanagement of funds

Rugged terrain 

Low standards of living

Different railway gauges

THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF EAST AFRICA

• Creating large market

Improvement in transport and communication has enabled mankind to move to different places in order to trade. Business transactions have improved because of the high speed of movement of goods, ideas and people.This attracts many customers while retaining the old ones.

• Creating employment opportunities

Many people are employed as drivers, pilots, mechanics and loaders.

• Promotion of tourism industry

Efficient and reliable communication means enables tourists to be aware of the available attractions. Well developed roads are used to ferry the tourists to resort areas and hotels. This industry earns the country foreign exchange.

• Exploitation of natural resources

Natural resources such as minerals can be mined wherever they occur because transport and communication would facilitate the movement of machinery, personnel and ideas to the area and also products where they are required.

• Promotes regional specialization

Certain geographical regions or countries can specialize in the  production of certain goods only. This is because transportation makes it easier for goods produced in one area or county to reach other parts of the countries.

• Urbanization

New markets can be opened up through the establishment of transportation and communication means. Goods and services can be moved to such areas. This also helps to make use of surplus goods from the regions reducing wastage.With time such markets grow and become urban centers.

• Promote development of agriculture

Transport means facilitates the movement of agricultural inputs to farmers and transporting farm produce either to the industry for processing or the markets.

• Earns government revenue

This is done through the collection of tax from various types of transport and communication, totals to large amount of money.

•  Promote development of industries

Availability of well developed transport and communication network facilities helps to locate industries in different places. this is because raw materials can be moved to manufacturing plants and the finished goods can be moved to markets that are away.

CHALLENGES FACING WATER TRANSPORT IN EAST AFRICA

1. Poorly maintained roads joining the water bodies mainly the lakes and land.
2. Inadequate marine technology.
3. Attack by pirates on indian ocean leading to loss of properties and sometimes lives.
4. Only a few lakes are joined by railway line which is a major means of transporting bulk goods.
5. Water hyacinth on lake Vctoria is also a major challenge.

FORMATION OF A CALDERA

CLIMATE CHANGE

It is caused by human activities which are expected to have far reaching impact on people and environment in general.
Climate change is the cause o f global warming. Drought and excess rainfall in some areas are attributed to climate change. The climate is changing as a result of industrial gases emitted into the atmosphere. The gases emitted from industries allows the sun's radiation to reach the earth's surfaces but this gases in the atmosphere reflect them into the atmosphere.

Causes global warming and climate change

1. Carbon iv oxide from industrial exhaust gases after using fossil fuels.
2. methane gas produced by decaying matter.
3. presences of nitrous oxide.
4. chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators and spraying cans.
5. water vapor

consequences of global warming
Global warming and climate change makes the earth warm. The temperature may cause;

• increase evaporation rate
• more areas will experience more forest and bush fires.
• other areas will come drier while others wetter.
• food production will vary in the same areas and vice verse.
• loss of biodiversity as a result of changing habitats.
• heating the sea water will cause it to expand raising the sea level.
• warmer climate will favor pest reproduction which spread diseases to millions of people.

Solution to climate change
It can be done by reducing the rate of release of green house gases into the atmosphere through;

• promoting afforestation since tress act as carbon sinks.
• slowing of population growth by family planning.
• creating awareness of activities that cause global warming and suggest practical solutions.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

The earth's biological diversity include the plants, animal micro-organisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystem and habitats of which they are part. This means that biological diversity occurs in three levels;

• genetic diversity
• species diversity
• ecosystem diversity.

Value of biological diversity

1. provision of food and fuels.
2. ecological roles such as food chains, soil conservation, modification of primates soil fertility.
3. educational value such as biology, zoology, and botany.
4. scientific value such as in research and biotechnology.
5. economic benefits from tourism.
6. aesthetic value i.e beautiful plants and animals.drainage of
7. ethical value where organisms have right to survive on earth.

Human activities which promote loss of biodiversity

1. Habitat destruction caused by deforestation for agriculture and settlement.
2. poaching of animals eg elephants and rhinos.
3. commercialized agriculture that emphasis monoculture.
4. over exploitation of resources eg fish and marine organisms
5. drainage of wet lands for agriculture
6. introduction of exotic species eg water hyacinth in lake Victoria.
7. inefficient management of some protected areas eg National parks and Gazetted forests.
8. climate changes that cause some areast become dry while others wetter.
9. siltation of water bodies as a result of soil erosion.
10. pollution of habitats.
11. ozone depletion.

SOIL CONSERVATION

1. Use of organic matter to improve the structure of the soil.
2. Mixed farming where nitrogen fixing crops are included.
3. Contour farming should be practiced.
4. Usages of terraces.
5. Construction of gabbions.
6. Planting trees which act as wind breakers.
7. Use of mulching on the farm.

THE TRAGEDY OF COMMONS

These are the common property or resources owned by non and are available to all.. They include

• air
• soil
• fish in the open ocean.
• community owned range lands.
• migratory birds

CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION

1. Gradient of the land
2. Excessive deforestation.
3. Soil structure.
4. Monoculture.
5. Lack of soil control measure.
6. Deterioration of physical properties of soil.
7. Rainfall.

CONDITIONS NECCESSARY FOR THE GROWTH OF COAL

1. The sea water temperature must have an average of 20 degrees
2. Clear sunlight water
3. There must be salty water
4. Are normally formed along the sea coast lying between latitude 20degrees north and 30degrees south

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF A VOLCANOE

1. The volume of the volcanic products.
2. The composition of volcanic products.
3. the sequence of erruption.
4. the variety of eruption types
5. The shape of the vent
6. The environment into which volcanic products are erupted

FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

It is believed that the universe was formed 20billion years ago and the various or the entire system came into being much later (some10 billion years ago) The solar system itself, it is believed to have been formed 5 billion years ago. the formation of the solar system is based on Nebullar hypothesis which explains that certain parts of the galaxy were formed due to concentrations of gasesin certain areas while in the othe areas there were no gases.
The areas with high concentrations of gases form the center while the other parts occupied small concentrations of gases. The gases moved in space and later cooled to form the solar system. The central part formed the sun while the small concentrations formed the planets and therefore there was formation of the entire solar system. These planets moved in a specific direction especially of the original gases. All planets lay in the same plane.

THE MOON

The moon is one the heavenly bodies which move across and causing the various seasons on the earth's surface. It has four different phases which therefore can be identified at different times of the year. The moon is an important part of an heavenly bodies and it has been established than the earth which has several moons which can be seen using a microscope. As the moon moves it influences certain processes such as the movement of the waves in the sea as well as some of the activities of living organisms

PROBLEMS FACING ROAD TRANSPORT SECTOR IN KENYA

1. Poor infrastructure
     The presence of poorly maintained roads in kenya is theb major problem.Roads with many potholes cause damage to vehicles. Sometimes these poor roads have been associated with the high rate of accidents in kenya
2. Overloading
Most vehicle operaters overload their vehicles does causing accidents.  Overloading also damages the vehicles
3. Drank drivers
 When drivers decide to drink alcohol and drive they lose focus and end up causing careless accidents. This has been the major problem in kenya.
 4.Corruption
Most police officers who are in the traffic sector are highly corrupted hence allowing unworthy vehicles to operate. This may cause fatal accidents. this problem is either caused by low payment to traffic officers or self greedy.

ADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT

1. it is fast
2. has no traffic
3. has a time schedule
4. transportation of perishable goods 
5. natural route.
6. not affected by physical Barriers
7. easy access.